Alexis Carrel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Alexis Carrel (French: [al. Й›ksi ka. КЃЙ›l]; 2.
June 1. 87. 3 – 5 November 1. French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1. He invented the first perfusion pump with Charles A. Lindbergh opening the way to organ transplantation. Like many intellectuals before World War II he promoted eugenics. He was a regent for the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems during Vichy France which implemented the eugenics policies there; his association with the Foundation and with Jacques Doriot's ultra- nationalist PPF led to investigations of collaborating with the Nazis, but he died before any trial could be held.[1][2][3][4] He faced media attacks towards the end of his life over his alleged involvement with the Nazis.[1]A prominent Nobel Prize laureate in 1. Alexis Carrel was also elected twice, in 1.
Buy Man, the unknown. Alexis Carrel: Edition: Hardcover. These books are NOT available for reading online or for free download in PDF or ebook format. Man, the unknown, [Alexis Carrel] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. In this final chapter Dr Carrel confronts the challenging. Carrel, Alexis. Man, The Unknown. Alexis Carrel, the Unknown. Charles Lindbergh, Dr. Alexis Carrel. ALEXIS-CARREL-MAN-THE-UNKNOWNdownload from 4shared Files. ALEXIS-CARREL-MAN-THE-UNKNOWN.pdf. File QR Code. Site Links. Home Premium Link to Us Search. Help. ALEXIS CARREL Man the Unknown 1935.pdf - Ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online. Scribd is the world's largest social.
Academy of Sciences of the USSR.[5][6]Biography[edit]Born in Sainte- Foy- l. ГЁs- Lyon, Rh. Гґne, Carrel was raised in a devout Catholic family and was educated by Jesuits, though he had become an agnostic by the time he became a university student.[citation needed] He was a pioneer in transplantology and thoracic surgery. Alexis Carrel was also a member of learned societies in the U. S., Spain, Russia, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Vatican City, Germany, Italy and Greece and received honorary doctorates from Queen's University of Belfast, Princeton University, California, New York, Brown University and Columbia University.
In 1. 90. 2, he was claimed to have witnessed the miraculous cure of Marie Bailly at Lourdes, made famous in part because she named Carrel as a witness of her cure.[citation needed] After the notoriety surrounding the event, Carrel could not obtain a hospital appointment because of the pervasive anticlericalism in the French university system at the time. In 1. 90. 3 he emigrated to Montreal, Canada, but soon relocated to Chicago, Illinois to work for Hull Laboratory. While there he collaborated with American physician Charles Claude Guthrie in work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs as well as the head, and Carrel was awarded the 1.
Alexis Carrel - Biographical. the son of a business man, also named Alexis Carrel. also published the well-known book entitled Man, the Unknown and. ALEXIS-CARREL-MAN-THE-UNKNOWNdownload. ALEXIS-CARREL-MAN-THE-UNKNOWN is hosted at free file sharing. ALEXIS-CARREL-MAN-THE-UNKNOWN.pdf. File QR. Man the Unknown by ALEXIS CARREL the NOBEL PRIZE WINNER FOR MEDICINE who invented the GAS CHAMBERS OF NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMPS. Man, The Unknown; Author: Alexis Carrel: Country: France: Language: French: Man, The Unknown (L'Homme. the professor, and the man of science into manual.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for these efforts.[7]In 1. Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research in New York where he spent the rest of his career.[8] There he did significant work on tissue cultures with pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows. In the 1. 93. 0s, Carrel and Charles Lindbergh became close friends not only because of the years they worked together but also because they shared personal, political, and social views. Lindbergh initially sought out Carrel to see if his sister- in- law's heart, damaged by rheumatic fever, could be repaired. When Lindbergh saw the crudeness of Carrel's machinery, he offered to build new equipment for the scientist. Eventually they built the first perfusion pump, an invention instrumental to the development of organ transplantation and open heart surgery. Lindbergh considered Carrel his closest friend, and said he would preserve and promote Carrel's ideals after his death.[8]Due to his close proximity with Jacques Doriot's fascist Parti Populaire Fran.
Г§ais (PPF) during the 1. Vichy France, he was accused after the Liberation of collaboration, but died before the trial.
In his later life he returned to his Catholic roots. In 1. 93. 9 he met with Trappist monk Alexis Presse on a recommendation. Although Carrel was skeptical about meeting with a priest,[9] Presse ended up having a profound influence on the rest of Carrel's life.[8] In 1.
I believe in the existence of God, in the immortality of the soul, in Revelation and in all the Catholic Church teaches." He summoned Presse to administer the Catholic Sacraments on his death bed in November 1. For much of his life, Carrel and his wife spent their summers on the Ile Saint- Gildas, which they owned. After he and Lindbergh became close friends, Carrel persuaded him to also buy a neighboring island, the Ile Illiec, where the Lindberghs often resided in the late 1. Contributions to science[edit]Vascular suture[edit]Carrel was a young surgeon in 1.
MAN, THE UNKNOWN by ALEXIS CARREL. poor, and unknown. is far from being the concrete man, the real man.
French president Sadi Carnot was assassinated with a knife. His large abdominal veins had been severed, and surgeons who treated the president felt that such veins were too large to be successfully reconnected. This left a deep impression on Carrel, and he set about developing new techniques for suturing blood vessels. The technique of "triangulation", which was inspired by sewing lessons he took from an embroideress, is still used today. Julius Comroe wrote: "Between 1. Alexis Carrel, using experimental animals, performed every feat and developed every technique known to vascular surgery today." He had great success in reconnecting arteries and veins, and performing surgical grafts, and this led to his Nobel Prize in 1.
Wound antisepsis[edit]During World War I (1. Carrel and the English chemist Henry Drysdale Dakin developed the Carrel–Dakin method of treating wounds based on chlorine (Dakin's solution) which, preceding the development of antibiotics, was a major medical advance in the care of traumatic wounds. For this, Carrel was awarded the Légion d'honneur. Organ transplants[edit]Carrel co- authored a book with famed pilot Charles A. Lindbergh, The Culture of Organs, and worked with Lindbergh in the mid- 1. The advance is said to have been a crucial step in the development of open- heart surgery and organ transplants, and to have laid the groundwork for the artificial heart, which became a reality decades later.[1. Some critics of Lindbergh claimed that Carrel overstated Lindbergh's role to gain media attention,[1.
Lindbergh played an important role in developing the device.[1. Both Lindbergh and Carrel appeared on the cover of Time magazine on June 1. Cellular senescence[edit]Carrel was also interested in the phenomenon of senescence, or aging. He claimed incorrectly that all cells continued to grow indefinitely, and this became a dominant view in the early 2. Carrel started an experiment on January 1. Pyrex flask of his own design.[1.
He maintained the living culture for over 2. This was longer than a chicken's normal lifespan. The experiment, which was conducted at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, attracted considerable popular and scientific attention.[1. Carrel's experiment was never successfully replicated, and in the 1. Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead proposed that differentiated cells can undergo only a limited number of divisions before dying. This is known as the Hayflick limit, and is now a pillar of biology.[1.
It is not certain how Carrel obtained his anomalous results. Leonard Hayflick suggests that the daily feeding of nutrient was continually introducing new living cells to the alleged immortal culture.[1. J. A. Witkowski has argued that,[2. Carrel's knowledge.[2.
In 1. 97. 2, the Swedish Post Office honored Carrel with a stamp that was part of its Nobel stamp series.[2. In 1. 97. 9, the lunar crater. Carrel was named after him as a tribute to his scientific breakthroughs. In February 2. 00. Charles Lindbergh's birth, the Medical University of South Carolina at Charleston established the Lindbergh- Carrel Prize,[2. Michael De. Bakey and nine other scientists[2. Italian artist C.
Zoli and named "Elisabeth"[2. Elisabeth Morrow, sister of Lindbergh's wife Anne Morrow, who died from heart disease. It was in fact Lindbergh's disappointment that contemporary medical technology could not provide an artificial heart pump which would allow for heart surgery on her that led to Lindbergh's first contact with Carrel. Alexis Carrel and Lourdes[edit]In 1. Alexis Carrel went from being a skeptic of the visions and miracles reported at Lourdes to being a believer in spiritual cures after experiencing a healing of Marie Bailly that he could not explain.[2.
The Catholic journal Le nouvelliste reported that she named him as the prime witness of her cure. Alexis Carrel refused to discount a supernatural explanation and steadfastly reiterated his beliefs, even writing a book describing his experience,[2. This was a detriment to his career and reputation among his fellow doctors, and feeling he had no future in academic medicine in France, he emigrated to Canada with the intention of farming and raising cattle. After a brief period, he accepted an appointment at the University of Chicago[1. Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research.
Man, The Unknown (1. In 1. 93. 5, Carrel published a book titled L'Homme, cet inconnu (Man, The Unknown), which became a best- seller. In the book, he attempted to outline a comprehensive account what is known and more importantly unknown of the human body and human life "in light of discoveries in biology, physics, and medicine",[1. For Carrel, the fundamental problem was that: [M]en cannot follow modern civilization along its present course, because they are degenerating. They have been fascinated by the beauty of the sciences of inert matter.
They have not understood that their body and consciousness are subjected to natural laws, more obscure than, but as inexorable as, the laws of the sidereal world. Neither have they understood that they cannot transgress these laws without being punished. They must, therefore, learn the necessary relations of the cosmic universe, of their fellow men, and of their inner selves, and also those of their tissues and their mind.
Indeed, man stands above all things. Should he degenerate, the beauty of civilization, and even the grandeur of the physical universe, would vanish. Humanity’s attention must turn from the machines of the world of inanimate matter to the body and the soul of man, to the organic and mental processes which have created the machines and the universe of Newton and Einstein.[2. Carrell advocated, in part, that mankind could better itself by following the guidance of an elite group of intellectuals, and by incorporating eugenics into the social framework.
Man, The Unknown - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Man, The Unknown (L'Homme, cet inconnu) is a best- selling[citation needed] 1. Alexis Carrel where he endeavours to outline a comprehensive account what is known and more importantly unknown of the human body and human life. The book elucidates problems of the modern world, and possible routes to a better life for human beings.
For Carrel, the fundamental problem was that: [M]en cannot follow modern civilization along its present course, because they are degenerating. They have been fascinated by the beauty of the sciences of inert matter. They have not understood that their body and consciousness are subjected to natural laws, more obscure than, but as inexorable as, the laws of the sidereal world. Neither have they understood that they cannot transgress these laws without being punished. They must, therefore, learn the necessary relations of the cosmic universe, of their fellow men, and of their inner selves, and also those of their tissues and their mind. Indeed, man stands above all things. Should he degenerate, the beauty of civilization, and even the grandeur of the physical universe, would vanish.
Humanity’s attention must turn from the machines of the world of inanimate matter to the body and the soul of man, to the organic and mental processes which have created the machines and the universe of Newton and Einstein.[1][2]Aristocracy[edit]Sociologist. Roger Caillois quoted and paraphrased L'Homme, cet inconnu in The Edge of Surrealism: " '(p)resent- day proletarians owe their status to inherited intellectual and physical defects' (sancta simplicitas). And he [Carrel] suggests that this state of affairs should be accentuated through appropriate measures, so as to correlate social and biological inequalities more precisely. Society would then be directed by a hereditary aristocracy composed of descendants from the Crusaders, the heroes of the Revolution, the great criminals, the financial and industrial magnates" (p. 3. Carrel proposed that: We must single out the children who are endowed with high potentialities, and develop them as completely as possible. And in this manner give to the nation a non- hereditary aristocracy. Such children may be found in all classes of society, although distinguished men appear more frequently in distinguished families than in others.
The descendants of the founders of American civilization may still possess the ancestral qualities. These qualities are generally hidden under the cloak of degeneration.
But this degeneration is often superficial. It comes chiefly from education, idleness, lack of responsibility and moral discipline. The sons of very rich men, like those of criminals, should be removed while still infants from their natural surroundings. Thus separated from their family, they could manifest their hereditary strength.
In the aristocratic families of Europe there are also individuals of great vitality. The issue of the Crusaders is by no means extinct. The laws of genetics indicate the probability that the legendary audacity and love of adventure can appear again in the lineage of the feudal lords. It is possible also that the offspring of the great criminals who had imagination, courage, and judgment, of the heroes of the French or Russian Revolutions, of the high- handed business men who live among us, might be excellent building stones for an enterprising minority.
As we know, criminality is not hereditary if not united with feeble- mindedness or other mental or cerebral defects. High potentialities are rarely encountered in the sons of honest, intelligent, hard- working men who have had ill luck in their careers, who have failed in business or have muddled along all their lives in inferior positions.
Or among peasants living on the same spot for centuries. However, from such people sometimes spring artists, poets, adventurers, saints. A brilliantly gifted and well- known New York family came from peasants who cultivated their farm in the south of France from the time of Charlemagne to that of Napoleon.[1]Eugenics[edit]Carrel advocated the use of gasses to rid humanity of "defectives", thus endorsing the scientific racismdiscourse. His endorsement of this idea began in the mid- 1. Nazi implementation of such practices in Germany. In the 1. 93. 6 German introduction of his book, at the publishers request, he added the following praise of the Nazi regime which did not appear in the editions in other languages: "(t)he German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and the criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be dangerous."[3]For the insane and the criminal, he endorsed the use of gassing for euthanasia: "(t)he conditioning of petty criminals with the whip, or some more scientific procedure, followed by a short stay in hospital, would probably suffice to insure order.
Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses. A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts.".[1]Otherwise he endorsed voluntary positive eugenics. He wrote: We have mentioned that natural selection has not played its part for a long while. That many inferior individuals have been conserved through the efforts of hygiene and medicine. But we cannot prevent the reproduction of the weak when they are neither insane nor criminal.
Or destroy sickly or defective children as we do the weaklings in a litter of puppies. The only way to obviate the disastrous predominance of the weak is to develop the strong.
Our efforts to render normal the unfit are evidently useless. We should, then, turn our attention toward promoting the optimum growth of the fit. By making the strong still stronger, we could effectively help the weak; For the herd always profits by the ideas and inventions of the elite. Instead of leveling organic and mental inequalities, we should amplify them and construct greater men.[1]He continued: The progress of the strong depends on the conditions of their development and the possibility left to parents of transmitting to their offspring the qualities which they have acquired in the course of their existence.
Modern society must, therefore, allow to all a certain stability of life, a home, a garden, some friends. Children must be reared in contact with things which are the expression of the mind of their parents. It is imperative to stop the transformation of the farmer, the artisan, the artist, the professor, and the man of science into manual or intellectual proletarians, possessing nothing but their hands or their brains.
The development of this proletariat will be the everlasting shame of industrial civilization. It has contributed to the disappearance of the family as a social unit, and to the weakening of intelligence and moral sense.
It is destroying the remains of culture. All forms of the proletariat must be suppressed. Each individual should have the security and the stability required for the foundation of a family. Marriage must cease being only a temporary union. The union of man and woman, like that of the higher anthropoids, ought to last at least until the young have no further need of protection.
The laws relating to education, and especially to that of girls, to marriage, and divorce should, above all, take into account the interest of children. Women should receive a higher education, not in order to become doctors, lawyers, or professors, but to rear their offspring to be valuable human beings. The free practice of eugenics could lead not only to the development of stronger individuals, but also of strains endowed with more endurance, intelligence, and courage. These strains should constitute an aristocracy, from which great men would probably appear. Modern society must promote, by all possible means, the formation of better human stock. No financial or moral rewards should be too great for those who, through the wisdom of their marriage, would engender geniuses. The complexity of our civilization is immense.
No one can master all its mechanisms. However, these mechanisms have to be mastered. There is need today of men of larger mental and moral size, capable of accomplishing such a task. The establishment of a hereditary biological aristocracy through voluntary eugenics would be an important step toward the solution of our present problems.[1]References[edit].